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1995-04-04
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The shuttle Challenger lifted off in 1983 as the second edition to the American shuttle
fleet. Challenger was actually built before Columbia, but was delayed from launch due to
technical difficulties with the ceramic tile heat shield. However, when Challenger finally
did take to orbit in April, 1983, NASA astronauts walked in space for the first time since
Skylab.
Challenger's first flight was the sixth shuttle mission overall, and saw the deployment of
the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-A (TDRS). Several of Challenger's missions
represented important milestones in American space history. On the second flight of
Challenger, Sally Ride became America's first woman to travel to space. And Challenger's
third flight included mission specialist Guion Bluford, the first African-American to fly to
space.
In February, 1984, the Challenger mission 41-B (STS-10) launched the first test of the
Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). This "jet pack" allows astronauts to fly free in orbit,
allowing them to recover satellites and bring them back to the shuttle for repair. The
MMU also carries its own electrical batteries, so astronauts can operate power tools away
from the shuttle. This piece of equipment has proven invaluable to the astronauts efforts
to work in space.
Any discussion of the space shuttle Challenger must inevitably lead to the tragic explosion
of the vehicle in 1986. The American people were brought face-to-face with the realities
of the dangers of space flight. As the people at NASA aptly demonstrated in recovering
from this tragedy, space will not be explored by those weak at heart.
The Challenger tragedy grounded the U.S. shuttle program for more than two years while
investigators and engineers worked on improving the launch system. It was found that a
faulty connector ring in one of the solid boosters caused the explosion. Unfortunately, it
appeared that the accident was connected with the budget constraints in developing the
shuttle in the 1970s It might have been prevented with better funding, better design, and
more thorough testing.
The solid rocket boosters have now been modified with stronger ring connectors, and the
space shuttles are now equipped with an escape system for the astronauts. However,
launching the shuttle is still an extremely delicate operation. As astronaut Story Musgrave
observes, the shuttle orbiter is "like a butterfly on the back of a rocket." It is a testament
to the skill and care of the people at NASA that more accidents have not occurred.
There will be loss of life, and there will be setbacks in the exploration of space. However,
the dangers of these tasks will not daunt those who are curious and brave. If placing
humans into space is a priority for America, then the nation will have to accept the risks
and dangers entailed in this greatest of adventures.